A conceptual framework for mentoring of educational leaders in the professional development of primary school teachers

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 Ph.D. Student in Educational Administration, Department of Educational Administration and Human Resources Development, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad Mashhad, Iran.

2 Department of Education, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran

Abstract

The present research has been conducted with the aim of providing a framework for the use of mentoring by the heads of educational groups in the professional development of primary school teachers in Qaynat city.The approach of the current research is a qualitative approach and the method used is the systematic method of grounded theory. The the participants were selected using purposeful sampling and criteria-based method. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews with 7 people from educational leaders, 9 elementary teachers and 5 educational managers, and in order to analyze the data, coding was done in three stages: open coding, central coding, and selective coding was done. The findings of the research provide a framework that expresses the causal conditions (need for continuous improvement, need to share experiences, compliance with the changes governing the organization), contextual conditions (environmental conditions suitable for implementing mentoring, organizational support and professional conditions), intervening conditions (educational, social, technical, economic and cultural dimensions), strategies (sharing ideas and opinions, presence of a mentor in festivals, classes and workshops) educational activities) and outcomes (increasing professional competences, increasing job satisfaction, expanding effective communication, improving status).

Keywords


Adib Hajbagheri, M., Parvizi, S., & Salsali, M. (2011). Qualitative research methods. Tehran: Boshra. [In Persian]
Alessa, M. A. (2017). The Influence of Mentoring Relationship Quality and Satisfaction on Novice Teachers' Self-Efficacy. The University of North Dakota. ‏
Alimohammadi, G., Jabari, N. & Niazazri, K. (2019). Professional empowerment of teachers in the future perspective and providing a model. Educational Innovation Quarterly, 18(69), 7-28. [In Persian] https://doi.org/10.22034/jei.2019.88531
Barab, S. A., MaKinster, J. G., Moore, J. A., Cunningham, D. J., & ILF Design Team. (2001). Designing and building an on-line community: The struggle to support sociability in the Inquiry Learning Forum. Educational Technology Research and Development, 49(4), 71–96. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02504948
Bazargan, A. (2010). An introduction to qualitative and mixed research methods. Tehran: Didar. [In Persian]
Bernadine, G. G. K. (2019). Challenges faced by educators in the implementation of Continuing Professional Teacher Development (CPTD): Gauteng Province. In Teacher Education in the 21st century. IntechOpen. Higher Education Studies,34(15), 45-78. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.84836
Callahan, J. (2016). Encouraging retention of new teachers through mentoring strategies. Delta Kappa Gamma Bulletin، 83(1), 21-34. https://www.proquest.com/openview/9ba27a8b6438072d5978457b38061b6d/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=47978
Chung, C. E., & Kowalski, S. (2012). Job stress, mentoring, psychological empowerment, and job satisfaction among nursing faculty. Journal of Nursing Education, 51(7), 381-388. https://doi.org/10.3928/01484834-20120509-03
Daneshmandi, S., Fathi Vajargah, K., Khorasani, A. & Ghliçli, B. (2017). Analyzing the actions of mentor and mentee in mentoring. Innovation and Entrepreneurship, 4(14), 29-55. [In Persian] http://journalie.ir/Article/30178/FullText
Ensher, E., & Ehrhardt, K. (2020). Antecedents and outcomes of callings for university students: An examination of mentoring and insight eExperiences. Journal of Career Development, 13(2), 34-49. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894845320941103
Erfani, N. & Amini Mofard, M. (2019). Investigating the strategies of professional development of primary teachers of Lalejin city. Teacher's Professional Development Quarterly, 5(1), 41-57. [In Persian] DOR:  20.1001.1.24765600.1399.5.1.3.9
Eriksson, A. (2013). Positive and negative facets of formal group mentoring: Preservice teacher perspectives. Mentoring & Tutoring: Partnership in Learning, 21(3), 272-291. https://doi.org/10.1080/13611267.2013.827834
Esmaili, E.; Samari, M., & Hasani, M. (2020). The relationship between the components of self-efficacy and organizational trust with the professional development of primary school teachers: the mediating role of leadership perception. School Management, 8(1), 446-416. https://doi.org/10.34785/J010.2020.697
Fazalali, F. (2019). The effect of reverse professional development on the progress of new English language teachers. Linguistic research in foreign languages, 2(1), 389-376. http://www.jallr.com/index.php/JALLR/article/view/1053/pdf1053
Feng, L., Hodges, T. S., Waxman, H. C., & Malatesha Joshi, R. (2019). Discovering the impact of reading coursework and discipline-specific mentorship on first-year teachers’ self-efficacy: a latent class analysis. Annals of dyslexia, 69(1), 80-98. ‏ https://doi.org/10.1007/s11881-018-00167-1
Gholami, F. (2017). The application of mentoring in improving the managers of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. [Master's thesis in educational management], Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. [In Persian]
Gholipour, A.; Mousavi, J. & Hashemi, M. (2016). Explaining the positive and negative roles of mentoring in improving knowledge sharing. Human Resources Education and Development Quarterly, 3(10), 51-72. [In Persian] http://istd.saminatech.ir/Article/29646
Hudson, P. (2013). Mentoring as professional development: ‘growth for both’ mentor and mentee. Professional development in education, 39(5), 771-783. https://doi.org/10.1080/19415257.2012.749415
Iman, M. T. & Mohammadian, M. (2008). Grounded theory methodology. Humanities Methodology Quarterly, 14(56), 31-54. [In Persian] https://method.rihu.ac.ir/article_427.html
Jarvis, J. (2004). Coaching and buying coaching services: A guide. Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development, 54(24), 238-256. https://search.worldcat.org/title/coaching-and-buying-coaching-services-a-guide/oclc/59181626
Kalhor, M., Karamipour, M. R. & Asadi, M. (2020). The role of research, creativity, professional ethics, professional development and the use of technology in the effective teaching of teachers. Journal of Ethics in Science and Technology, 14(2), 116-124. [In Persian] DOR: 20.1001.1.22517634.1398.14.5.17.4
Khodaveisi, S., & Seraji, F. (2019). Teachers' professional development using cyberspace: The phenomenological study of Hamedan teachers. Technology of Education Journal (TEJ)14(1), 109-121. [In Persian] https://doi.org/10.22061/jte.2018.3771.1939
Kim, S. S., Im, J., & Hwang, J. (2015). The effects of mentoring on role stress, job attitude, and turnover intention in the hotel industry. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 48(18), 68-82. ‏https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2015.04.006
Kram, K. E., & Isabella, L. A. (1985). Mentoring alternatives: The role of peer relationships in career development. Academy of Management Journal, 28(1), 110–132. https://doi.org/10.2307/256064
Mansourian, Y. (2007). What is grounded theory and what is its application? Tehran: Chapar Publications. [In Persian]
Mohammadi, Z. (2019). The role of mentoring of experienced teachers on the professional development of less experienced teachers in primary schools of Qain city: a phenomenological study. [Master's thesis in educational management], Birjand University. [In Persian]
Moravec, M., Williams, A., Aguilar-Roca, N., & O'Dowd, D. K. (2010). Learn before lecture: A strategy that improves learning outcomes in a large introductory biology class. CBE—Life Sciences Education, 9(4), 473-481. https://doi.org/10.1187/cbe.10-04-0063
Namdari Pejman, M., & Edvay, F. (2024). Conceptualization of "Captivity in the Trap of Knowledge" in Primary Teachers. Teacher Professional Development9(2), 1-21. [In Persian] https://doi.org/10.48310/tpd.2024.15693.1595
NamdariPejman, M., Zare Bazqaleh, S., Mousavi Tazehabadi, S. F., & Morovat, B. (2023). Investigating methods to increase the participation of Farhangian University students’ in socio-cultural activities. Bi-Quarterly Journal of Cultural Guardianship of the Islamic12(26), 61-104. [In Persian] DOR: 20.1001.1.2717087.1401.12.26.3.3
Nasirinia, S. (2019). Investigating the status of effective professional development among elementary school teachers in Sanandaj city. [Master's thesis on curriculum planning], University of Kurdistan. [In Persian]
Ostadrahimi, M. (2019). Investigating the relationship between the quality of mentoring and the self-efficacy of novice teachers in elementary schools in the south of Tehran. [Master's thesis in educational management], Khwarazmi University, Tehran. [In Persian]
Rekha, K. N., & Ganesh, M. P. (2012). Do mentors learn by mentoring others? International Journal of Mentoring and Coaching in Education, 1(3), 205-217. https://doi.org/10.1108/20466851211279466
Richter, D., Kunter, M., Klusmann, U., Lüdtke, O., & Baumert, J. (2011). Professional development across the teaching career: Teachers’ uptake of formal and informal learning opportunities. Teaching and Teacher Education, 27(1), 116–126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2010.07.008
Rousseau, M. (2008). Structured mentoring for sure success. Pennwell books. ‏
Salari, S. (2016). Feasibility of implementing mentoring in the professional qualification of primary school teachers. [Master's thesis on curriculum planning], Allameh Tabatabai University, Tehran. [In Persian]
Salimi, R. (2017). Designing a management framework for the improvement of primary education groups in Panj Shahr of Mashhad. [Master's thesis in educational management], Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. [In Persian]
Sambunjak, D., Straus, S. E., & Marušić, A. (2006). Mentoring in academic medicine: a systematic review. Jama, 296(9), 1103-1115. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.296.9.1103.
Seyfi, A., Pourkarimi, J., & Namdari Pejman, M. (2023). Designing a model of professional competencies for internship mentore’s of Farhangian University. Educational and Scholastic studies12(4), 423-459. [In Persian] https://doi.org/10.48310/pma.2023.3458
Sorkhi, A. (2021). Investigating the role of educational groups in the professional development of teachers in Bavi city. [Master's thesis in educational management]. Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz. [In Persian]
Straus, S. E., Johnson, M. O., Marquez, C., & Feldman, M. D. (2013). Characteristics of successful and failed mentoring relationships: a qualitative study across two academic health centers. Academic medicine: journal of the Association of American Medical Colleges, 88(1), 82-112. https://doi.org/10.1097/ACM.0b013e31827647a0
Suchánková, E., & Hrbácková, K. (2017). Mentoring in the Professional Development of Primary and Secondary School Teachers. Journal on Efficiency and Responsibility in Education and Science, 10(1), 7-15. ‏https://doi.org/10.7160/eriesj.2017.100102
Taheri, M., Arefi, M., Pardakhchi, M. H., & Ghahramani, M. (2013). Exploring the professional development process of teachers in teacher training centers: Grounded theory. Educational innovations, 12(45), 149-176. [In Persian] https://noavaryedu.oerp.ir/article_79002.html