The Study of Effect of Positive Psychological Interventions on Resiliency, Psychological Well-being and Happiness in Drug Addicted Student

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 Ph.D. in Instructional Administration, Teacher in Education Department, Lecturer at Farhangian University, Department of Educational Sciences, Tehran, Iran

2 Lecturer at Farhangian University, Department of Educational Sciences, Tehran, Iran

3 Teacher in Education Department, Lecturer at Farhangian University, Department of Educational Sciences, Tehran, Iran

4 Ph.D. Student in Family Counseling, University of Shahid Chamran, Ahvaz, Iran

Abstract

This was a semi experimental research with pre-test and posttest design. The statistical community consisted of all pupils addicted to drugs and referred to the Qarchak addiction centers in 1395. Among them 30 were selected by voluntary sampling method and were randomly replaced in two groups of experiment and control group (each group of 15). The experiment group was trained for 15 minutes with positive psychological interventions and the control was on the waiting list. Both groups met with Kunar &Davidson (2003), well-being questionnaire (1989)and Argail (1990) happiness questionnaire as pre-test and ….. The data were analyzed using SPSS version 19 by univariate covariance. The findings indicated that there is a significant difference between the training group of positive psychological interventions and control group. In other words, the training of positive psychology interventions caused a significant increase in psychological well-being, psychological well-being and happiness (P<0.05). Discussion and conclusions: The results of this study showed that the method of teaching positive psychology interventions could improve resiliency, psychological well - being and happiness in dependent people. Therefore, psychologists can use this method to improve the swing, psychological well being and happiness in people dependent on drugs.

Keywords


جباری، مهسا، شهیدی، شهریار و موتابی، فرشته (۱۳۹۳). اثربخشی مداخله مثبت‌نکر گروهی در کاهش نگرش‌های ناکارآمد و افزایش میزان شادکامی دختران نوجوان. مجله روان‌شناسی بالینی، ۲ (۲۲)، ۶۵-۷۵.
جعفری روشن، فریبا (۱۳۹۱). اثر بخشی آموزش گروهی مبتنی بر روان درمانی مثبت‌نکر بر تاب آوری، شادکامی و سلامت عمومی زنان دارای همسر وابسته به مواد مخدر شهرستان قدس. پایان نامه جهت دریافت مدرک کارشناسی ارشد رشته روان‌شناسی بالینی، دانشکده روان‌شناسی و علوم تربیتی، دانشگاه علامه طباطبایی.
جوبانیان، فرحناز (۱۳۹۱). اثربخشی آموزش مبتنی بر روانشناسی مثبت‌نکر بر تاب‌آوری و کنترل خشم در دانش آموزان دختر دوره متوسطه شهر یزد. کتابخانه دیجیتالی دانشگاه علامه طباطبایی (ره).
حسین ثابت، فریده، جوبانیان، فرحناز، و فرحبخش،‌ کیومرث (۱۳۹۳). اثربخشی آموزش مبتنی بر روان‌شناسی مثبت‌نگر بر تاب‌آوری و کنترل خشم در دانش‌آموزان دختر دورة متوسطة شهر یزد. پژوهش‌های مشاوره، ۱۳(۵۲)، 22-5.
خادمی، محمد جواد (۱۳۹۴). اعتباریابی پرسشنامه پیگیری زمان محور در افراد مراجعه کننده به مراکز معتادان بی نام. دو ماهنامه علمی پژوهشی دانشگاه علوم پزشکی کرمانشاه، ۱۹(۴)، ۱۹۱-۱۹۶.
خدادادی سنگده، جواد، تولائیان، سید عبدالحسین، و بلقان‌آبادی، مصطفی (۱۳۹۳). اثربخشی روان درمانی مثبت‌نکر بر افزایش شادکامی مادران کودکان با نیازهای ویژه. روان‌شناسی خانواده، ۱(۱)، ۵۳-۶۲.
رعیت ابراهیم‌آبادی، معصومه، ارجمند نیا، علی اکبر، و افروز، غلامعلی (۱۳۹۴). تأثیر برنامة آموزش مثبت‌نکری بر شادکامی و باورهای غیرمنطقی نوجوانان بزهکار. پژوهش‌نامة روان‌شناسی مثبت، ۲(۲)، 14-1.
شریفی، کبیر، و سعیدی، حمیدرضا (۱۳۹۴). پیش‌بینی بهزیستی روان‌شناختی بر اساس جهت‌گیری زندگی و خوش‌بینی. رویش روان‌شناسی، ۱۰(۴)، 58-41.
علی‌پور، احمد، و نوربالا، احمدعلی (۱۳۷۸). بررسی مقدماتی پایایی و روایی پرسشنامة شادکامی آکسفورد در دانشجویان دانشگاه‌های تهران. روان‌پزشکی و روان‌شناسی بالینی ایران، ۵ (۱ و۲)، 66-55.
نریمانی، محمد، یوسفی، فاطمه، و کاظمی، رضا (۱۳۹۳). نقش سبک‌های دلبستگی و کیفیت زندگی در پیش‌بینی بهزیستی روان‌شناختی نوجوانان مبتلا به ناتوانی‌های یادگیری. ناتوانی‌های یادگیری، ۳(۴)، ۱42-۱24.
نوفرستی، اعظم، روشن، رسول، فتی، لادن، حسن آبادی، حمیدرضا، پسندیده، عباس، و شعیری، محمدرضا (۱۳۹۴). اثربخشی روان‌درمانی مثبت‌گرا بر شادکامی و بهزیستی روان‌شناختی افراد دارای نشانه‌های افسردگی: مطالعة تک‌آزمودنی با چند خط پایه. پژوهش روان‌شناسی مثبت، ۱(۱)، 18-1.
Armstrong, L. L., Desson, S., St. John, E., & Watt, E. (2019). The DREAM program: eveloping resilience through emotions, attitudes, & meaning (gifted edition)–a second wave positive psychology approach. Counselling Psychology Quarterly, 32(3-4), 307-332.
Avey, J. B., Luthans, F., Smith, R. M., & Palmer, N. F. (2010). Impact of positive psychological capital on employee well-being over time. Occupational Health Psychology, 15(1), 17.
Bandura, A. (2011). A social cognitive perspective on positive psychology. Revista de Psicología Social, 26(1), 7-20.
Baños, R. M., Etchemendy, E., Mira, A., Riva, G., Gaggioli, A., & Botella, C. (2017). Online positive interventions to promote well-being and resilience in the adolescent population: A narrative review. Frontiers in psychiatry8, 10.‏
Bolier, L., Haverman, M., Westerhof, G. J., Riper, H., Smit, F., & Bohlmeijer, E. (2013). Positive psychology interventions: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled studies. BMC Public Health, 13(1), 119.
Compton, W. C. (2005). Introduction to positive psychology. Thomson Wadsworth.
Daley, D. C., & Marlatt, G. A. (2005). Relapse prevention. In J.H. Lowinson, P. Ruiz,R.B. Millman, & J.G. Langrod (Eds.), Substance Abuse: A Comprehensive Textbook, 4th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins (pp.772-785).
Dawood, R. (2013). Positive psychology in school-based psychological intervention: A study of the evidence-base. The European Journal of Social & Behavioural Sciences, 5(2), 19-54.
DeBiase, E., Bray, M., Levine, M., Graves, M., & Long, M. (2021). Improving well-being and behavior in adolescents utilizing a school-based positive psychology intervention. International Journal of School & Educational Psychology, 1-17.‏
Diener, E. (2006). Guidelines for national indicators of subjective well-being and ill-being. Applied Research in Quality of Life, 1(2), 151-157.
Diener, E., & Chan, M. Y. (2011). Happy people live longer: Subjective well‐being contributes to health and longevity. Applied Psychology: Health and Well‐Being, 3(1), 1-43.
Fordyc, M. W. (2007). A program to increase happiness: further studies. Counseling Psychology, 30, 483-498
Fredickson, B. (2009). Positivity: groundbreaking research reveals how to embrace the hidden strength of positive emotions, overcome negative emotions and thrive. New York: Crown-Random House.
Fredrickson, B. L. (2016). The eudemonics of positive emotions. In Handbook of eudemonic well-being (pp. 183-190). Springer, Cham.
Gander, F. (2017). Online positive psychology interventions based on pleasure, engagement, meaning, positive relationships, and accomplishment: measurement, validation of interventions, and exploration of working mechanisms. Doctoral Dissertation, University of Zurich.
Gander, F., Proyer, R. T., & Ruch, W. (2016). Positive psychology interventions addressing pleasure, engagement, meaning, positive relationships, and accomplishment increase well-being and ameliorate depressive symptoms: A randomized, placebo-controlled online study. Frontiers in psychology, 7, 686
Hartley, M. T .(2013). Investigating the relationship of resilience to academic persistence in college students with mental health issues. Rehabilitation Counseling Bulletin, 56(4), 240-250.
Hartley, M. T. (2010). Increasing resilience: Strategies for reducing dropout rates for college students with psychiatric disabilities. Psychiatric Rehabilitation, 13(4), 295-315.
Hartley, M. T. (2011). Examining the relationships between resilience, mental health, and academic persistence in undergraduate college students. American College Health, 59(7), 596-604.
Hendriks, T., Schotanus-Dijkstra, M., Hassankhan, A., Graafsma, T. G. T., Bohlmeijer, E., & de Jong, J. (2018). The efficacy of positive psychological interventions from non-western countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Wellbeing, 8(1).
Hendriks, T., Schotanus-Dijkstra, M., Hassankhan, A., Sardjo, W., Graafsma, T., Bohlmeijer, E., & de Jong, J. (2020). Resilience and well-being in the Caribbean: Findings from a randomized controlled trial of a culturally adapted multi-component positive psychology intervention. Positive Psychology, 15(2), 238-253.
Hills, P., & Argyle, M. (2001). Happiness, introversion–extraversion and happy introverts. Personality and individual Differences, 30(4), 595-608.
Hosseinian, S., Pordelan, N., Heidari, H., & Salimi, S. )2014(. Analysis of exhaustion vocational Nurses structure with Structural Analysis of Burnout among Nurses Considering Acceptance, Commitment, and Emotion Regulation. Mazandaran Univ Med Sci, 24(113), 37-46.
Johnson, J., & Wood, A. M. (2017). Integrating positive and clinical psychology: Viewing human functioning as continua from positive to negative can benefit clinical assessment, interventions and understandings of resilience. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 41(3), 335-349.
Karademas, E. C. (2007). Positive and negative aspects of well-being: Common and specific predictors. Personality and Individual Differences, 43(2), 277-287.
Luthans, F., & Youssef-Morgan, C. M. (2017). Psychological capital: An evidence-based positive approach. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 4, 339-366.
Luthans, F., Avey, J. B., & Patera, J. L. (2008). Experimental analysis of a web-based training intervention to develop positive psychological capital. Academy of Management Learning & Education, 7(2), 209-221.
Medvedev, O. N., & Landhuis, C. E. (2018). Exploring constructs of well-being, happiness and quality of life. Peer, 6, e4903.
Nakashima, M., & Canda, E. R. (2005). Positive dying and resiliency in later life: A qualitative study. Aging Studies, 19(1), 109-125.
Park, N., Peterson, C., Szvarca, D., Vander Molen, R. J., Kim, E. S., & Collon, K. (2016). Positive psychology and physical health: Research and applications. Lifestyle Medicine, 10(3), 200-206.
Pordelan, N., & Hosseinian, S. (2020). Online Career Counseling Success: The Role of Hardiness and Psychological Capital. International Journal for Educational and Vocational Guidance, 32-48.
Pordelan, N., Sadeghi, A., Abedi, M. R., & Kaedi, M. (2018). How online career counseling changes career development: A life design paradigm. Education and Information Technologies, 23(6), 2655-2672.
Pordelan, N., Sadeghi, A., Abedi, M. R., & Kaedi, M. (2019). Promoting student career decision-making self-efficacy: An online intervention. Education and Information Technologies, 25(2), 985-996.
Proyer, R. T., Gander, F., Wellenzohn, S., & Ruch, W. (2016). Nine beautiful things: A self-administered online positive psychology intervention on the beauty in nature, arts, and behaviors increases happiness and ameliorates depressive symptoms. Personality and Individual Differences, 94, 189-193.
Ratzlaff, C., Matsumoto, D., Kuznetzova, N., Raroque, J., & Ray, R. (2000). Culture and subjective well-being. Boston: Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
Rojas, M., & Veenhoven, R. (2013). Contentment and affect in the estimation of happiness. Social Indicators Research, 110(2), 415-431.
Rosenthal, R., & Di Matteo, R. (2009). Enhancing well-being and alleviating depressive symptoms with positive psychology interventions: a practice-friendly meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology, 65(5), 467–487.
Ryff, C. D. (1989). Happiness is everything, or is it? Explorations on the meaning of psychological well-being. Journal of personality and social psychology57(6), 1069.‏
Seligman, M. E., Parks, A. C., & Steen, T. (2004). A balanced psychology and a full life. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences, 359(1449), 1379-1381.
Seligman, M. E., Rashid, T., & Parks, A. C. (2006). Positive psychotherapy. American Psychologist, 61(8), 774.
Shahar, G. (2012). A social-clinical psychological statement on resilience: Introduction to the special issue. Social and Clinical Psychology, 31(6), 535-541.
Sin, N. L., & Lyubomirsky, S. (2009). Enhancing well‐being and alleviating depressive symptoms with positive psychology interventions: A practice‐friendly meta‐analysis. Clinical Psychology, 65(5), 467-487.
Stuntzner, S., & Hartley, M. T. (2014). Resilience, coping, & disability: The development of a resilience intervention. In Proceedings of the 2014 American Counseling Association Conference, Honolulu, Hawaii.
Sutipan, P., Intarakamhang, U., & Macaskill, A. (2017). The impact of positive psychological interventions on well-being in healthy elderly people. Journal of Happiness Studies18(1), 269-291.‏
Tejada-Gallardo, C., Blasco-Belled, A., Torrelles-Nadal, C., & Alsinet, C. (2020). Effects of school-based multicomponent positive psychology interventions on well-being and distress in adolescents: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Youth and Adolescence, 1-18.
Ungar, M., & Theron, L. (2020). Resilience and mental health: how multisystemic processes contribute to positive outcomes. The Lancet Psychiatry, 7(5), 441-448.
Villarosa, J. B., & Ganotice, F. A. (2018). Construct validation of Ryff’s psychological well-being scale: Evidence from Filipino teachers in the Philippines. Philippine Journal of Psychology, 51(1), 1-20.
Waters, L. (2011). A review of school-based positive psychology interventions. The Educational and Developmental Psychologist, 28(2), 75-90.
Zolkoski, S. M., & Bullock, L. M. (2012). Resilience in children and youth: A review. Children And Youth Services Review, 34(12), 2295-2303.