The Role of Covid-19 Anxiety, Worry and Negative Beliefs about The Uncontrollability and Danger of Worry in Predicting Teacher Job Stress in the Corona Pandemic

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 Ph.D. in Psychology, Education Department, Ardakan, Iran.

2 M.c. Student in Clinical Psychology, Isfahan Branch (Khorasgan), Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran

Abstract

Improving human resources and developing employees' performance has been one of the important goals of education. Occupational stress was one of the major problems of teachers during the corona pandemic, which can have a negative impact on this important goal. The aim of this study was to investigate The Role of Covid-19 Anxiety, Worry and Negative Beliefs about the Uncontrollability and Danger of Worry in Predicting Teacher Job Stress in the Corona Pandemic. This research is descriptive and was conducted by correlation method. The statistical population of the study consisted of all school teachers in Ardakan in the academic year 1401-1400. Sampling was performed using the voluntary method and 357 people were subjected to job stress questionnaires coronary heart disease anxiety, negative beliefs about uncontrollability and risk of metacognitive beliefs, then responded to the Concern of the Thought Control Questionnaire, which was published online. Finally, 286 data were statistically analyzed using Pearson correlation and multiple regression methods at the level of 0.05 and SPSS26 software. The results showed that there was a significant positive relationship between Covid-19 anxiety, anxiety and negative beliefs about uncontrollability and anxiety risk with teachers' job stress (P<0.001). The results of regression analysis also showed that 44% of the variance of teachers' job stress with Covid-19 anxiety, anxiety and negative beliefs about uncontrollability and anxiety risk are predicted. Concern also played a greater role in predicting and explaining teachers' job stress in the Corona pandemic.

Keywords


اسلامیان، سجاد، نوری قاسم‌آبادی، ربابه، و حسنی، جعفر (1401). نقش واسطه‌ای راهبردهای سازش‌نایافته تنظیم شناختی هیجان در رابطة باورهای فراشناختی با اضطراب امتحان. روان‌شناسی کاربردی، 1(4)، 132-111.
حمیدی، فریده، و شاملو، مهدی (1400). اثربخشی کاهش استرس مبتنی بر ذهن‌آگاهی بر استرس شغلی و فرسودگی شغلی معلمان. پژوهش در تربیت معلم، 4(1)، 70-55.
خدابخش پیرکلائی، روشنک (1401). بررسی نقش واسطه‌ای وسواس و عدم تحمل ابهام در پیش‌بینی اضطراب کرونا براساس باورهای فراشناختی افراد در شیوع ویروس کووید -19. پژوهش‌های نوین روان‌شناختی، 17(65)، 31-41.
سلیمی، سمانه، و فردین، محمدعلی (1399). نقش ویروس کرونا در آموزش مجازی، با تأکید بر فرصت‌ها و چالش‌ها. پژوهش در یادگیری آموزشگاهی و مجازی، 8(2)، 60-49.
شمالی احمدآبادی، مهدی، برخورداری احمدآبادی، عاطفه، و آریان‌پور، لیلا (1400). نقش فرسودگی والدینی در بدرفتاری با دانش‌آموزان ابتدایی در همه‌گیری کووید-19. پویش در آموزش علوم انسانی، 7(24)، 32-17.
شمالی احمدآبادی، مهدی، و برخورداری احمدآبادی، عاطفه (1400). اثربخشی آموزش‌های مجازی شادکامی با رویکرد تئوری انتخاب بر امید و اضطراب کووید-19 معلمان زن در همه‌گیری ویروس کرونا. فن‌آوری اطلاعات و ارتباطات در علوم تربیتی، 11(4)، 65-47.
شیرین‌زاده، صمد، گودرزی، محمدعلی، رحیمی، چنگیز، و نظیری، قاسم (1387). بررسی ساختار عاملی، روایی و اعتبار پرسشنامة فراشناخت. روان‌شناسی، 12(4)، 461-445.
صادقی، سولماز، شریفی رهنمو، سعید، فتحی، آیت‌اله، و محمدی، شروین (1399). پیش‌بینی اضطراب کووید-۱۹ و تجربۀ انگ اجتماعی آن بر اساس ابعاد اعتیاد اینترنتی پس از موج اول اپیدمی در دانشجویان. پژوهش سلامت، ۵(۴)، ۲68-۲78.
علی‌پور، احمد، قدمی، ابوالفضل، علی‌پور، زهرا، و عبداله‌زاده، حسن (1398). اعتباریابی مقدماتی مقیاس اضطراب بیماری کرونا (CDAS) در نمونة ایرانی. مجلة روان‌شناسی سلامت، 8(32)، 175-163.
قائد امینی هارونی، عباس، صادقی ده‌چشمه، مهرداد، بابایی فارسانی، میثم، و مالکی فارسانی، غلامرضا (1400). نقش استرس شغلی بر رضایت شغلی معلمان زن مقطع ابتدایی در طول پاندمی کرونا با آزمون میانجی تعارض کار - خانواده و استرس والدین. رهبری آموزشی کاربردی، 2(1)، 95-77.
گودرزی، محمدعلی، و اسماعیلی ترکانبوری، یعقوب (1384). رابطة بین راهبردهای کنترل افکار رخنه‌کننده و شدت علایم وسواسی. تحقیقات نظام سلامت حکیم (حکیم)، 8(4)، 51-45.
Adebayo, A., Oduntan, O. O., Fasola, B. O., & Adebisi, B. S. (2021). Psychological stress of covid-19 and teacher job performance in Ogun State, Nigeria. UNILAG Journal of Curriculum and Instruction, 2(1), 142-152
Al Lily, A. E., Ismail, A. F., Abunasser, F. M., & Alqahtani, R. H. A. (2020). Distance education as a response to pandemics: Coronavirus and Arab culture. Technology in Society, 63, 101317.
Anyan, F., Morote, R., & Hjemdal, O. (2020). Prospective relations between loneliness in different relationships, metacognitive beliefs, worry and common mental health problems. Mental Health & Prevention, 19, 186-200..
Armitage, R., & Nellums, L. B. (2020). Considering inequalities in the school closure response to COVID-19. The Lancet Global Health, 8(5), e644.
Arnáez, S., García‐Soriano, G., López-Santiago, J., & Belloch, A. (2020). Illness‐related intrusive thoughts and illness anxiety disorder. Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice, 12(4), 1-18.
Besser, A., Lotem, S., & Zeigler-Hill, V. (2022). Psychological stress and vocal symptoms among university professors in Israel: implications of the shift to online synchronous teaching during the COVID-19 pandemic. Voice, 36(2), 291-219.
Biqi, H., & Lili, Z. (2011). Investigation on application of Meta-cognitive strategies in "Health assessment" course of nursing undergraduate students. Chinese Nursing Research, 9(9), 129-134.
Borkovec, T. D., Robinson, E., Pruzinsky, T., & DePree, J. A. (1983). Preliminary exploration of worry: Some characteristics and processes. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 21(1), 9-16.
Burgess, S., & Sievertsen, H. H. (2020). Schools, skills, and learning: The impact of COVID-19 on education. VoxEu. org, 1(2), 123-141.
Clauss, K., Benfer, N., Thomas, K. N., & Bardeen, J. R. (2021). The interactive effect of event centrality and maladaptive metacognitive beliefs on posttraumatic stress symptoms and posttraumatic growth. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 13(5), 596–602.
Fathi, J., Greenier, V., & Derakhshan, A. (2021). Self-efficacy, reflection, and burnout among Iranian EFL teachers: the mediating role of emotion regulation. Iranian Journal of Language Teaching Research, 9(2), 13-37.
Griffith, A. K. (2020). Parental burnout and child maltreatment during the COVID-19 pandemic. Family Violence, 1-7.‏
Ho, C. S., Chee, C. Y., & Ho, R. C. (2020). Mental health strategies to combat the psychological impact of COVID-19 beyond paranoia and panic. Ann Acad Med Singapore, 49(1), 1-3.
Holmes, E. A., O'Connor, R. C., Perry, V. H., Tracey, I., Wessely, S., Arseneault, L., ... & Bullmore, E. (2020). Multidisciplinary research priorities for the COVID-19 pandemic: A call for action for mental health science. The Lancet Psychiatry, 7(6), 547-560.
Huntley, C. D., Young, B., Smith, C. T., Jha, V., & Fisher, P. L. (2020). Assessing metacognitive beliefs in test anxiety: Psychometric properties of the metacognitions questionnaire, 30 (MCQ-30) among university students. Current Psychology, 1-9.
Kwon, E. K. (2018). The effect of job stress on job exhaustion on Middle School teacher. Digital Convergence, 16(8), 81-87.
Larson, L. L. (2004). Internal auditors and job stress. Managerial Auditing Journal.
Lawrence, P. J., Murayama, K., & Creswell, C. (2019). Systematic review and meta-analysis: anxiety and depressive disorders in offspring of parents with anxiety disorders. American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 58(1), 46-60.
Lawrence, P. J., Rooke, S. M., & Creswell, C. (2017). Prevention of anxiety among at‐risk children and adolescents–a systematic review and meta-analysis. Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 22(3), 118-130.
Mazza, M., Marano, G., Lai, C., Janiri, L., & Sani, G. (2020). Danger in danger: Interpersonal violence during COVID-19 quarantine. Psychiatry Research, 289, 113046.
Ouellette, R. R., Frazier, S. L., Shernoff, E. S., Cappella, E., Mehta, T. G., Maríñez-Lora, A., ... & Atkins, M. S. (2018). Teacher job stress and satisfaction in urban schools: Disentangling individual-, classroom-, and organizational-level influences. Behavior Therapy, 49(4), 494-508.
Rogers, A. H., Bogiaizian, D., Salazar, P. L., Solari, A., Garey, L., Fogle, B. M., ... & Zvolensky, M. J. (2021). COVID-19 and anxiety sensitivity across two studies in Argentina: Associations with COVID-19 worry, symptom severity, anxiety, and functional impairment. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 45(4), 697-707.
Santamaría, M. D., Mondragon, N. I., Santxo, N. B., & Ozamiz-Etxebarria, N. (2021). Teacher stress, anxiety and depression at the beginning of the academic year during the COVID-19 pandemic. Global Mental Health, 8(3), 1-8.
Sherwood, A., Carydias, E., Whelan, C., & Emerson, L. M. (2020). The explanatory role of facets of dispositional mindfulness and negative beliefs about worry in anxiety symptoms. Personality and Individual Differences, 160, 109933.
Siddiqui, S., Tung, A., Kelly, L., Nurok, M., Khanna, A. K., Ben-Jacob, T., ... & Sladen, R. N. (2022). Anxiety, worry, and job satisfaction: effects of COVID-19 care on critical care anesthesiologists. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia/Journal Canadien D'anesthésie, 1-3.
Spada, M. M., Gay, H., Nikčevic, A. V., Fernie, B. A., & Caselli, G. (2016). Meta‐cognitive beliefs about worry and pain catastrophizing as mediators between neuroticism and pain behaviour. Clinical Psychologist, 20(3), 138-146.
Stumper, A., Danzig, A. P., Dyson, M. W., Olino, T. M., Carlson, G. A., & Klein, D. N. (2017). Parents' behavioral inhibition moderates’ association of preschoolers' BI with risk for age 9 anxiety disorders. Affective Disorders, 210, 35-42.
Suárez, F. (2018). Technostress in communication and technology society: scoping literature review from the Web of science. Archivos de Prevencion de Riesgos Laborales, 1, 18-25.
Sun, L., Sun, Z., Wu, L., Zhu, Z., Zhang, F., Shang, Z., ... & Liu, N. (2020). Prevalence and Risk Factors of Acute Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms during the COVID-19 Outbreak in Wuhan, China. Medrxiv, 169, 1-17.
Sun, X., Zhu, C., & So, S. H. W. (2017). Dysfunctional metacognition across psychopathologies: a meta-analytic review. European Psychiatry, 45, 139-153.
Toh, G. Y. (2019). The role of verbal worry in cognitive control and anxious arousal in worry and generalized anxiety: A replication and an extension. Doctoral Dissertation, The Ohio State University.
Wells, A. (2002). Emotional disorders and metacognition: Innovative cognitive therapy. John Wiley & Sons.‏
Wells, A. (2011). Metacognitive therapy for anxiety and depression. Guilford Press.
Wells, A., & Papageorgiou, C. (1998). Relationships between worry, obsessive–compulsive symptoms and meta-cognitive beliefs. Behaviour Research and therapy, 36(9), 899-913.
Williams, M. O., Mathews, A., & Hirsch, C. R. (2014). Verbal worry facilitates attention to threat in high-worriers. Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 45(1), 8-14.