Investigating the position Philosophy for Children Curriculum with the orientation of multicultural education in of Elementary Farsi Textbooks using Shannon entropy technique

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 Ph.D in Curriculum Development, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran

2 Professor, University of Tabriz, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, Department of Educational Sciences, Tabriz, IranSciences, Tabriz, Iran

3 Assistant Professor, Department of Educational Sciences, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran

4 Professor of Psychology, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, Tabriz University, Tabriz, Iran

Abstract

The present study seeks to analyze the content Farsi books of elementary school in textbooks based on the components of the philosophy for children with the orientation of multicultural education. The data collection was performed by content analysis method based on researcher's content analysis list of philosophical thinking measures including three concepts (Exploratory, argumentative and interactive) and Components of multicultural education (including 15 concepts) and research validity are validated and confirmed by research experts and experts in educational sciences. The reliability is evaluated by CVR calculation of which shows 86%. The population consisted Farsi of elementary of Iran in 2022. using Shannon's entropy, the concept of acceptance of differences with the P4C approach with an importance factor of 32.35 has the highest amount of attention and the concept of religion with an importance factor of 29.41 ranks second. Also, the fifteen concepts examined in the textbooks based on the philosophy approach for children have been reflected in a scattered and unbalanced manner. Based on the findings of the research, the textbooks need to be revised, to pay more attention to the philosophy program for children with the orientation of multicultural education.

Keywords


Abdoli Soltan Ahmadi J, & Sadeghi, A. (2016). Designing and Validating Multicultural Curriculum Model in Iran Public Educational. Journal of Curriculum Studies, 10(39), 71-108. [in Persian] DOR: 20.1001.1.17354986.1394.10.39.3.0
Ahmadrash, R., Mostafazadeh E. (2019). Analysis of Social Studies Curriculum in the First Three Years of Secondary School in Consideration of Multicultural Education Components. Research in Teaching, 7(4), 24-48. [in Persian] https://doi.org/10.34785/J012.2019.664
Amini, M. (2012). An Explanation of Multicultural Curriculum and It's Implementation in Iran's Curriculum Development System. Journal of Curriculum Studies, 7(26), 11-32. [in Persian] https://www.sid.ir/paper/152475/en
Arifin, I., & Hermino, A. (2017). The importance of multicultural education in schools in the era of ASEAN economic community. Asian Social Science, 13(4), 78-92. https://doi.org/10.5539/ass.v13n4p78
Azar, A. (2001). Extension and development of Shannon's entropy method for data processing in content analysis, Al-Zahra University Humanities Quarterly, 11(37), 1-18. [in Persian]
Banks, J. A. & Banks, C. A. M., (2016). Multicultural education Issues and Perspectives (5th ed.), New York: John Wiley.
Banks, J. A. (1997). Teaching strategies for ethnic studies (6th ed). Boston: Allen and Bacon.
Castillo, P. A. P., Donoso, A., & Ortega, K. (2020). Understanding the meaning of multicultural collaboration in a public-school EFL class. International Journal of Multicultural Education, 22(1), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.18251/ijme.v22i1.1929
Cornbleth, C., & D. Waugh. (1999). The great speckled bird: Multicultural politics and education policymaking. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
Dwiningrum, S. I. A., Hope, J., Kartowagiran, B., Sudartinah, T., Siteine, A., & Yao, Z. (2021). Cross-Cultural Competence in Multicultural Education in Indonesian and New Zealand High Schools. International Journal of Instruction, 14(3), 597-612. https://doi.org/10.29333/iji.2021.14335a
Eghbali, A., Salehi, A., Ghaedi, Y., Mahmoudnia, A. (2021). A reflection on the basic features of emancipatory classroom components in higher education. Qurterly Journal of Research and Planing in Higher Education, 27(1), 27-50. [in Persian]. https://journal.irphe.ac.ir/article_703019.html?lang=en
Erbas, Y. H. (2019). A Qualitative Case Study of Multicultural Education in Turkey: Definitions of Multiculturalism and Multicultural Education. International Journal of Progressive Education, 15(1), 23-43.  https://doi.org/10.29329/ijpe.2019.184.2
Esmaili, E., Sadeghi, A., & Mehrmohammadi, M. (2022). Explaining the Multicultural Curriculum Model of the Social Sciences Lesson of the High School with Emphasis on the Feminist Approach: Synthesis Research. Research in Curriculum Planning, 19(72), 112-136. https://sanad.iau.ir/Journal/jsre/Article/900734
Fathi Vajargah, K. (2022). Modernization movement in curriculum studies. Tehran: Elm Ostadan. [in Persian]
Gao, J. (2020). Learning from Asian American High School Students' Voices. International Journal of Multicultural Education, 22(3), 76-95. https://doi.org/ 10.1177/1028315307299422
Garshasbi, A., Fathi Vahjargah, K., Arefi, M. (2020). The Position of ethnicity in formal curriculum of Humanities discipline (Case Study: Sociology and History books in the New Secondary School System), Education Journal, 27(1), 73-94. [in Persian]https://doi.org/10.22055/edus.2020.33195.3016
Gorski, P., & Covert, B. (2010). Defining multicultural education. Teaching and Teacher Education, 25, 309–331.
Hamidizadeh, K., Fathi Vajargah, K., Arefi, M., Mehran, G. (2018). The Systematic Analysis of Multicultural Education in Iran. Quarterly Journal of Research in Educational Systems, 12(42), 25-38. [in Persian] https://doi.org/10.22034/jiera.2018.79460
Havasbeigi, F. (2017). Designing a Multicultural Curriculum Model for Iran's Elementary Education Course. Doctoral Dissertation, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Allameh Tabatabai University, unpublished.
Havasbeigi, F., Sadeghi, A., Maleki, H., Ghaderi, M. (2019). Analysis of categories of multicultural education in social studies textbooks for elementary education. Sociological Review, 25(53), 383-429. [In Persian] https://doi.org/10.22059/jsr.2019.70359
Hurtubise, C., Di Tomaso, C., Lefrançois, D., Mageau, G. A., Taylor, G., Éthier, M. A., Gagnon, M., &Léger-Goodes, T. (2021).  Existential Therapy for Children: Impact of a Philosophy for Children Intervention on Positive and Negative Indicators of Mental Health in Elementary School Children. International Journal of Environment Research in Public Health, 18(23),12332. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-44367/v1
Jebeliadeh, P., Nourian, M., & Azedolmolki, S. (2021). The Critical Thinking Skills, Dispositions and Teaching Methods in Curricula. Thinking and Children, 11(2), 29-62. [in Persian] https://doi: 10.30465/fabak.2021.5834.
Jenks, C., Lee, J. O., & Kanpol, B. (2001). Approaches to Multicultural Education in Preservice Teacher Education: Philosophical Frameworks and Models for Teaching. The Urban Review, 33(2), 87–105. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1010389023211
Jespersen, P., Rezaei, H. (2006). Why did I become the person I am today? Philosophy for preschool children, translated by Farhanaz Danaei. Tehran: Shahrtash. [In Persian]
Kam, P. (2010). Thinking together, philosophical explorations for the class, translated by Farzaneh Shahrtash, Mozhgan Rashtachi, Tehran: Shahrtash Publications. [In Persian]
Kanaani-Harandi, S., Noorian, M., Nowrozi, D., Abai-Kopaei, M. (2017). Philosophy education curriculum model for children based on related research results. Bi-Quarternal of Thought and Child, 9(2), 121-151. [in Persian] https://fabak.ihcs.ac.ir/article_3939.html
Khakbaz, A. S. (2021). Placement of Multicultural Education in Elementary School Mathematics Curriculum in Iran. New Educational Approaches, 15(1), 33-58. [In Persian] https://doi.org/10.22108/nea.2020.110870.1224
Kincheloe, J., & Steinberg, S. (1997). Changing multiculturalism. Philadelphia: Open University Press.
Kyhan, J. (2015). Analysis of the status of Multicultural Education in the Content of Social Sciences and Persian Curriculum in Elementary School by Shannon Entropy Method. Journal of Educational and Scholastic Studies, 4(12), 79-95. [In Persian] DOR: 20.1001.1.2423494.1394.4.1.5.8
Mansoori, S., Behjati Ardakani, F. (2020) Content analysis of elementary school social studies textbooks based on multicultural education components. Social-cultural development studies, 9 (2), 91-112. [In Persian].
https://doi.org/‎10.52547/scds.9.2.91
McLaren, P. L. (1995). White terror and oppositional agency: towards a critical multiculturalism. In C. E. Sleeter, & P. L. McLaren (Eds.), Multicultural education, critical pedagogy, and the politics of difference (pp. 33–70). Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.
Mohammadi, S., Kazemi, M., Pourkarimi, J. (2017). Multicultural Education Management in Iranian schools': A Qualitative Meta-analysis. Journal of School administration, 4(2), 87. [In Persian].https://doi.org/10.34785/J012.2022.029
Nawrozi, W., Karimian, H., Talbi, B. (2022). The Effectiveness of teaching Philosophy for Children(P4C) on social Responsibility of Elementary primary Students. Thinking and Children, 13(2), 10. [in Persian] https://doi.org/10.30465/FABAK.2023.7716.
Nieto, S. (1994). Affirmation, solidarity, and critique: Moving beyond tolerance in multicultural education. Multicultural Education, 1(4), 9-12,35-38.
Nieto, S. (2010). Affirmation, Solidarity, and Critique: Moving Beyond Tolerance in Multicultural Education, In S. Nieto, Language, Culture, and Teaching: Critical Perspectives (2nd ed, 247-263). New York: Routledge.
Pele, A. (2014). Explaining the philosophy of multicultural education for Iran's education system and analyzing and evaluating the existing educational policies based on it, doctoral thesis on the philosophy of education, Tarbiat Modares University, unpublished.
Qaidi, Y. (2016). Theoretical Foundations of Philosophy for Children. Tehran: Merat Publications. [in Persian]
Rahimi, S., MesrAbadi, J., Alipour, F. (2022). Meta-analysis of the effect of philosophy for children program on developmental dimensions (cognitive, social, emotional and moral) of children and adolescents in Iran. Thinking and Children, 13(2), 5. [in Persian] https://doi.org/10.30465/fabak.2023.7708
Rahnama, A., Bakshi, H., & Sabbagh-Ismaili, R. (2017). Multiculturalism in educational systems. Tehran: Avay-e-Noor.
Sadeghi, A. (2011). Reviewing the National Curriculum of the I. R. of Iran Using a Multi- cultural Approach. Journal of Curriculum Studies, 5(18), 190-215. [in Persian]
Sajjadian Jaghargh, N., Ghaedi, Y., & Amiri, M. (2014). Curriculum Design for Teaching Philosophy to Iranian Children in the First Grade of Primary School. Journal of Theory and Practice in Curriculum, 1(1), 64-80. [in Persian] https://journals.pnu.ac.ir/article_1846.html
Stunell, K. (2021). Supporting student-teachers in the multicultural classroom. European Journal of Teacher Education, 44(2), 217-233. https://doi.org/10.1080/02619768.2020.1758660
Tavaziani, Z., & Sattari, A. (2022). Philosophy for Children at the Level of the Philosophy Science and the Authorization of the Islamic Teaching. Islamic Philosophical Doctrines16(29), 57-82. [in Persian] https://doi.org/10.30513/ipd.2022.2159.1193
Vafaei, R., Sobhaninejad, M. (2015). Analysis of Multicultural Education component In Textbooks. Journal of Theory and Practice in Curriculum, 3(5), 111-128. [in Persian] http://dx.doi.org/10.18869/acadpub.cstp.3.5.111.
Xu, A. (2022). The Importance of Philosophy for Children. International Journal of New Developments in Education, 4(7), 21-34. https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fchildren9111671
Yan, S., Walters, L. M., Wang, Z., & Wang, C. C. (2018). Meta-Analysis of the Effectiveness of Philosophy for Children Programs on Students' Cognitive Outcomes. Analytic Teaching and Philosophical Praxis, 39(1), 13-33.                https://journal.viterbo.edu/index.php/atpp/article/view/1160 
Yari-Dahnavi, M. (2014). An introduction to the philosophy program for children. Tehran: Research Institute of Humanities and Cultural Studies.
Zeynaltaj, F., Dehghan, M., Pakmehr, H. (2015). Reviewing the Concepts of Culture and Ethnicity in Elementary School's Social Studies Course Books. Journal of Curriculum Research, 4(2), 117-130. [In Persian] https://doi.org/10.22099/jcr.2015.3089.